New research indicates that exclusionary discipline such as suspensions and expulsions often exacerbate behavioural issues rather than resolve them, prompting schools to consider restorative and supportive alternatives that foster a more positive learning environment.
As schools begin a new term, a long-standing question is getting renewed attention: whether suspending or expelling pupils actually improves behaviour. Research cited by Psychology Association reviews and academic studies suggests it usually does not. Instead of making schools safer or calmer, exclusionary discipline can leave pupils further behind, deepen disengagement and increase the risk of later misconduct.
A meta-analysis published in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence examined 40 studies and found that suspensions and expulsions were linked to higher levels of delinquent behaviour, including school misconduct, antisocial conduct and contact with the justice system. The effect was seen across racial and ethnic groups, reinforcing concerns that exclusion often punishes vulnerability without tackling the underlying causes of disruption.
That has pushed educators and researchers towards alternatives that keep pupils connected to school. A report by Jane Wettach and Jenni Owen described 11 such approaches, grouped around three aims: improving school culture, strengthening staff skills in behaviour management and conflict resolution, and involving pupils in restorative practices. The Institute on Community Integration has also outlined 10 research-backed alternatives to suspension, including problem-solving, restitution and efforts to build a more caring school community.
One promising option is positive behavioural support, which changes the school environment to encourage good behaviour rather than waiting to punish bad conduct. A 2023 review of 32 studies covering almost 394,000 pupils found that these interventions improved cognitive performance. Restorative justice has also gained ground. A 2025 review of 13 studies found it reduced school violence and improved emotional wellbeing, while earlier systematic research linked it to fewer exclusions, a better school climate and stronger academic results.
Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical judgment, advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
