ADHD linked to 70% higher risk of death, but treatment may reduce danger

A review of 19 studies involving nearly 16 million people found higher rates of suicide, injury and natural-cause deaths among those with ADHD, while early evidence suggested medication may lower the risk.

A large review of research has found that people diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder face a higher risk of dying from any cause than those without the condition, although the authors stress that the finding does not mean ADHD inevitably shortens life. The analysis, published in JAMA Network Open, pooled 19 observational studies covering nearly 16 million people across three continents and found a 70% higher all-cause mortality rate among those with ADHD, according to researchers from University College London and the University of Liverpool.

The study also reported that deaths from suicide and injuries were more common in people with ADHD, while deaths from natural causes were also elevated. The researchers said the pattern may reflect a combination of factors linked to the condition, including poorer mental health, difficulties with emotional regulation, impulsivity and greater risk-taking, as well as social stigma and exclusion. They also suggested that some accidental deaths, including road deaths, could be connected to attention-related differences.

In addition, the authors pointed to earlier evidence that people with ADHD are more likely to live with physical health problems such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, diabetes and cancer. They said behaviours such as smoking and alcohol use may help explain some of the excess mortality from natural causes, and noted that some patients may struggle to access care or to follow treatment plans consistently.

There was some evidence that medication could reduce risk. Among people with ADHD, those taking treatment appeared to have a 25% lower risk of death, but the researchers warned that this estimate came from only three of the 19 studies and should be treated cautiously. Because the review was based entirely on observational research, it cannot prove that medication causes the lower risk, only that an association was seen.

The authors urged care in interpreting the treatment findings, but said the broader message was clear: people who may have ADHD should be identified accurately and offered appropriate support. They argued that diagnosis and treatment can help people with ADHD live long and healthy lives, and warned that prevalence may still be underestimated, particularly in older age groups where mortality risk may be especially important.